Academic Journal of

Forensic Sciences

[Abbr: Acd. Jr. AJFSc]
English
2581-4273
2016

Criminological Analysis of Visual Surveillance

by Risika Das

Despite the popularity of visual surveillance, evidence of its crime prevention capabilities is inconclusive. Research has primarily reported the “mixed effect” of visual surveillance technology without explaining this. The present study makes an attempt to contribute to the literature on visual surveillance in particular and surveillance technologies in general by testing three hypothesis – Visual surveillance does not affect personal security, there is a positive correlation between installing visual surveillance and the reduction of crime in an area and there is a positive correlation between the use of visual surveillance and intercepting criminals. The study begins with an examination of what constitutes contemporary visual culture and then goes on to explain its importance as well as the necessity for conceptual clarity in order to grasp the concept of visual surveillance. Various theoretical frameworks are elaborated to offer readers an understanding of what the researcher is talking about, such as rational choice theory and routine activities theory. Research methodology of statistics and descriptive analysis has been utilised to reach conclusive results about the relationship of visual surveillance, reduction of crime, and apprehension of criminals. The researcher has brought forward correlation and regression analysis to shed light on the facts of India's current surveillance scenario. The researcher has attempted to bring forward various ideas like the CSI effect and blind camera syndrome to the forefront of people’s awareness in the study's conclusion. The conclusion drawn from the research has resulted in the understanding that visual surveillance technologies have no significance in society unless it is backed by other factors like solid laws, monitoring, data storage, placement of cameras, panning of cameras, and much more, for such technologies to yield the anticipated results. Keywords: Surveillance, CCTV, Security Management, Criminology.

Forensic Investigation of the Basic Digital Evidences in Mobile Devices

by Gladwel Kubwalo, Tejasvi Bhatia

Crimes have been taking place since time in memorial. These crimes are committed differently and that is the reason why they have different names with respect to the factors that determine the offence. It is the core duty of investigators in law enforcement agencies as well as other relevant stake holders to crack down and identify the perpetrators of crimes. It is empirical to mention that the identification of perpetrators of crime is based on the piece of evidence that has been collected. Evidence most of the times is collected at the scene of crime in physical form or from eye witnesses who are people that are present when an offence is being committed. Sometimes evidence is circumstantial depending on how the events surrounding the criminal act occurred. In the modern world, mobile devices are playing a very significant part in our day to day life. These days, mobile devices are being used by individuals of all classes as opposed to a distant past whereby usage of mobile devices was limited only to high class people. The wide usage of mobile phones provides vast availability of evidence. Potential piece of evidence is collected from electronic devices such as mobile phone in digital form. It is advisable that all sorts of evidence that has been scientifically collected and analysed must be treated bearing in mind the set out legal standards so that they can be accepted in court. Forensic investigators are mandated to make sure that they follow proper legal standards when handling forensic evidence. This paper will highlight some forensic evidences and the methodologies on how to collect them from mobile devices. It will also highlight some of the tools that are employed in order to recover data or forensic evidences found in mobile devices. Keywords: Forensic Evidence, Mobile devices, Forensics, Drone Forensics, Data Acquisition, potential evidences, electronic devices, forensic investigator

Online Crimes Against Women and Children in Cyber Space – A Research Report

by Jagriti Khanna, Anjali Jangra, Yogita, Pankaj Kumar, Naveen Kumar Saini

The advancement of technology has not only redefined the human life but it also has redefined cybercrimes. The rapid growth of internet users, speedy spread of mobile information and the use of social media has led to the emergence of cyber violence against women and children of all age groups which is impacting their security, dignity and psychological and social well-being as a whole. The digital space has a constructive reality in which the criminals commit crimes in a more complicated and complex way. Cyber violence against women and children is on a rise in all disciplines and the lack of awareness leads to the unstoppable commission of these crimes. The purpose of the paper is to understand and highlight the common cybercrimes experienced by individuals and to know about their opinions, knowledge and facts on the on-going cybercrimes against women and children and the level of awareness among the individuals. The paper discusses the common types of cybercrimes against women and children which are namely cyber stalking, cyber pornography, morphing, sending obscene messages, blackmailing or threatening, bullying and trafficking. It also highlights the major reasons for the growth of cyber violence, how it is impacting their social life. This paper analyses the cases and their judgements along with the cyber laws on this matter. This paper will also recommend the suggestions and solutions that are required to be taken up in order to curb cybercrime against women and children. Keywords: Cybercrime, Cyber space, Women, Children, Information technology, Victim, Cyber laws, Security Awareness

Pattern of Intracranial Haemorrhages’ In Cases of Two Wheelers without Wearing Helmet in Fatal Road Traffic Accidents in Mangalore

by Dr. Azia Manzoor Bhat, Dr. Wasim Mazoor Bhat

Deaths due to road traffic accidents are one of the common forms of unnatural death and its history is as old as the invention of the wheel. To study the pattern of Intracranial hemmorrhages in cases of two wheelers without wearing helmet in fatal road traffic accidents in Mangalore. All cases of road traffic accidents involving fatal head injuries among two wheelers which underwent autopsy at the Wenlock District Hospital and Justice K.S Hegde charitable Hospital, Mangalore from January 2009 to December 2013 were included in the study. A proforma was prepared accordingly to collect the details about the pattern of skull fractures and also about intracranial haemorrhages were obtained and entered in the proforma. Out of total 101 cases of RTA with two wheelers 91.09% had not used helmet while only 8.91% were wearing helmet. Majority of the cases (36.96%) not using helmet were 20-29 years of age. Among helmet non users 94.57% cases were male. Diffuse Extravasation of Blood from Scalp (41.3%) was observed most commonly followed by combined Extravasation from Frontal, Parietal and Temporal region (14.13%) among the non-helmet users. No brain injury was diagnosed in 26.09% cases. Among the non-helmet user victims diffuse brain injury was seen in 30.43% cases while frontal lobe was involved in 26.09% cases. Thus we conclude that Sub arachnoid haemorrhage and Sub Dural haemorrhage was the most common intracranial haemorrhages in cases of two wheelers without wearing helmet in fatal road traffic accidents in Mangalore. Keywords: Intracranial haemorrhages, fatal road traffic accidents, two wheelers without wearing helmet.

Fatal Delayed Extradural Haemorrhage A Case Report

by Dr. A Haricharan, Dr. Salam Bitam Singh, Dr. Kh. Pradip Kumar, Prof. Th. Meera Devi

Extradural hemorrhage (EDH) may prove to be a fatal complication of head injury; however, it is the most easily diagnosed and treatable form of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. It usually occurs at the site of impact and as a cause of death, it is extremely rare with only a few cases being reported till now. In this paper, an unusual case of fatal traumatic delayed EDH (subacute) brought as sudden death has been reported. The interesting aspect of the case is that the death occurred while the person was standing in a queue at a COVID-19 vaccination centre, which he did after a gap of two weeks following a road traffic accident. Gross inattention to one’s own health supplemented with depressed conscious level under the influence of alcohol resulted in the fatal outcome, which was otherwise avertible. The case has been reported considering its unusual presentation and rarity. Keywords: Extradural Haemorrhage, Alcoholism, Delayed Death

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